{"dataset":"EU27 Kotitalouksien säästövarat, likvidit puskurit ja Euribor-haavoittuvuus 2025/2026","publisher":"Rahakettu.fi Tutkimus & Avoin Data","sources":["Euroopan keskuspankki (EKP / ECB) Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS)","Eurostat (ilc_mdes04 - Inability to face unexpected financial expenses)","EKP MFI Lending Statistics (Euribor-vaihtuvakorkoisuus)"],"license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)","lastUpdated":"2026-09-28","countriesCount":29,"data":[{"code":"FI","nameFi":"Suomi","nameEn":"Finland","cluster":"nordic","clusterNameFi":"Pohjoismaat","clusterNameEn":"Nordic Countries","liquidBufferMedianEur":3800,"unexpectedExpenseRiskPct":28.4,"euriborVariableRatePct":95.8,"debtToIncomePct":118.4,"wealthGini":74,"keyInsightFi":"Euroopan suurin Euribor-vaihtuvakorkoisuus (95,8 %) ja matala likvidi puskuri (3 800 €). Varat ovat kiinni asunnon seinissä.","keyInsightEn":"Europe's highest variable-rate mortgage share (95.8%) paired with minimal liquid buffer (3,800 €). Wealth is heavily tied to housing equity.","isFocus":true},{"code":"EU27","nameFi":"EU-27 -keskiarvo","nameEn":"EU-27 Average","cluster":"eu_benchmark","clusterNameFi":"EU-27 -vertailutaso","clusterNameEn":"EU-27 Benchmark","liquidBufferMedianEur":14500,"unexpectedExpenseRiskPct":31.5,"euriborVariableRatePct":24,"debtToIncomePct":94,"wealthGini":72.5,"keyInsightFi":"EU-27 -alueen mediaanipuskuri (14 500 €) on lähes nelinkertainen Suomeen verrattuna, ja valtaosa asuntolainoista on kiinteäkorkoisia.","keyInsightEn":"EU-27 median liquid buffer (14,500 €) is nearly four times higher than Finland's, with predominantly fixed-rate mortgages.","isFocus":false},{"code":"NO","nameFi":"Norja","nameEn":"Norway","cluster":"nordic","clusterNameFi":"Pohjoismaat","clusterNameEn":"Nordic Countries","liquidBufferMedianEur":58000,"unexpectedExpenseRiskPct":16,"euriborVariableRatePct":92,"debtToIncomePct":245,"wealthGini":79,"keyInsightFi":"Korkeasta bruttovelasta huolimatta likvidit puskurit ovat 15-kertaiset Suomeen verrattuna (58 000 €).","keyInsightEn":"High gross debt compensated by massive liquid cushion (58,000 €), 15 times higher than Finland."},{"code":"DK","nameFi":"Tanska","nameEn":"Denmark","cluster":"nordic","clusterNameFi":"Pohjoismaat","clusterNameEn":"Nordic Countries","liquidBufferMedianEur":52000,"unexpectedExpenseRiskPct":19.2,"euriborVariableRatePct":45,"debtToIncomePct":235,"wealthGini":83.5,"keyInsightFi":"Vahva rahastoitu eläkejärjestelmä ja laaja 52 000 € talletuspuskuri tukevat taloudellista kantokykyä.","keyInsightEn":"Substantial funded pension assets and 52,000 € in liquid reserves support household financial resilience."},{"code":"SE","nameFi":"Ruotsi","nameEn":"Sweden","cluster":"nordic","clusterNameFi":"Pohjoismaat","clusterNameEn":"Nordic Countries","liquidBufferMedianEur":46000,"unexpectedExpenseRiskPct":18.5,"euriborVariableRatePct":68.5,"debtToIncomePct":192,"wealthGini":86.5,"keyInsightFi":"Ruotsalaisilla on 12-kertainen säästöpuskuri Suomeen verrattuna (46 000 €) laajan osakesäästämisen ansiosta.","keyInsightEn":"Swedish households hold 12 times higher liquid buffers than Finns (46,000 €), supported by widespread retail investment."},{"code":"LU","nameFi":"Luxemburg","nameEn":"Luxembourg","cluster":"western","clusterNameFi":"Länsi- ja Keski-Eurooppa","clusterNameEn":"Western & Central Europe","liquidBufferMedianEur":42000,"unexpectedExpenseRiskPct":12.8,"euriborVariableRatePct":34,"debtToIncomePct":178,"wealthGini":67,"keyInsightFi":"Euroopan korkeimpia puskureita ja alhaisimpia yllätysmenoriskejä (12,8 %).","keyInsightEn":"Among Europe's highest median liquid buffers with very low unexpected expense vulnerability (12.8%)."},{"code":"BE","nameFi":"Belgia","nameEn":"Belgium","cluster":"western","clusterNameFi":"Länsi- ja Keski-Eurooppa","clusterNameEn":"Western & Central Europe","liquidBufferMedianEur":38000,"unexpectedExpenseRiskPct":19.8,"euriborVariableRatePct":15.6,"debtToIncomePct":104,"wealthGini":62,"keyInsightFi":"84 % lainoista on kiinteäkorkoisia ja 38 000 € puskuri suojaa kotitalouksia korkojen nousulta.","keyInsightEn":"84% fixed-rate mortgages and 38,000 € in liquid reserves insulate households from interest rate shocks."},{"code":"NL","nameFi":"Alankomaat","nameEn":"Netherlands","cluster":"western","clusterNameFi":"Länsi- ja Keski-Eurooppa","clusterNameEn":"Western & Central Europe","liquidBufferMedianEur":32000,"unexpectedExpenseRiskPct":15.4,"euriborVariableRatePct":18,"debtToIncomePct":202,"wealthGini":75,"keyInsightFi":"Yllätysmenoriski on EU:n pienimpiä (15,4 %) ja likvidit puskurit ovat vahvat (32 000 €).","keyInsightEn":"One of the lowest unexpected expense exposure rates in the EU (15.4%), supported by 32,000 € in liquid assets."},{"code":"AT","nameFi":"Itävalta","nameEn":"Austria","cluster":"western","clusterNameFi":"Länsi- ja Keski-Eurooppa","clusterNameEn":"Western & Central Europe","liquidBufferMedianEur":28000,"unexpectedExpenseRiskPct":18,"euriborVariableRatePct":38,"debtToIncomePct":88,"wealthGini":73,"keyInsightFi":"Korkea säästämisaste ja 28 000 € talletuskanta tuovat turvaa arjen heilahteluihin.","keyInsightEn":"High household saving rates and 28,000 € in median liquid assets underpin economic stability."},{"code":"DE","nameFi":"Saksa","nameEn":"Germany","cluster":"western","clusterNameFi":"Länsi- ja Keski-Eurooppa","clusterNameEn":"Western & Central Europe","liquidBufferMedianEur":24000,"unexpectedExpenseRiskPct":21,"euriborVariableRatePct":12.5,"debtToIncomePct":86.5,"wealthGini":78.2,"keyInsightFi":"Lainat ovat valtaosin 10–25 vuoden kiinteissä koroissa (vaihtuvia vain 12,5 %). Puskuri 24 000 €.","keyInsightEn":"Mortgages predominantly locked at long-term fixed rates (variable 12.5%). Median buffer 24,000 €."},{"code":"FR","nameFi":"Ranska","nameEn":"France","cluster":"western","clusterNameFi":"Länsi- ja Keski-Eurooppa","clusterNameEn":"Western & Central Europe","liquidBufferMedianEur":22000,"unexpectedExpenseRiskPct":26.5,"euriborVariableRatePct":14.2,"debtToIncomePct":98.2,"wealthGini":70,"keyInsightFi":"86 % lainoista on kiinteäkorkoisia, mikä suojaa kotitalouksia EKP:n korkopäätöksiltä.","keyInsightEn":"86% fixed-rate mortgage terms protect households from ECB interest rate movements."},{"code":"IE","nameFi":"Irlanti","nameEn":"Ireland","cluster":"western","clusterNameFi":"Länsi- ja Keski-Eurooppa","clusterNameEn":"Western & Central Europe","liquidBufferMedianEur":20500,"unexpectedExpenseRiskPct":23,"euriborVariableRatePct":28,"debtToIncomePct":108,"wealthGini":68,"keyInsightFi":"Kotitalouksien velkaantumisaste on laskenut merkittävästi ja puskurit ovat 5-kertaiset Suomeen nähden.","keyInsightEn":"Household debt has deleveraged substantially, with median liquid reserves more than five times higher than in Finland."},{"code":"IT","nameFi":"Italia","nameEn":"Italy","cluster":"southern","clusterNameFi":"Etelä-Eurooppa","clusterNameEn":"Southern Europe","liquidBufferMedianEur":16000,"unexpectedExpenseRiskPct":32.5,"euriborVariableRatePct":22,"debtToIncomePct":62,"wealthGini":67.5,"keyInsightFi":"Matala velkataakka ja perinteinen säästämiskulttuuri tuottavat 16 000 € mediaanipuskurin.","keyInsightEn":"Modest household leverage and a strong savings tradition yield a 16,000 € median liquid buffer."},{"code":"MT","nameFi":"Malta","nameEn":"Malta","cluster":"southern","clusterNameFi":"Etelä-Eurooppa","clusterNameEn":"Southern Europe","liquidBufferMedianEur":14000,"unexpectedExpenseRiskPct":22,"euriborVariableRatePct":36,"debtToIncomePct":82,"wealthGini":61,"keyInsightFi":"Vahva kotitalouksien talletuskanta ja matala työttömyys suojaavat arjessa.","keyInsightEn":"Substantial retail deposit base and low unemployment support household stability."},{"code":"SI","nameFi":"Slovenia","nameEn":"Slovenia","cluster":"eastern_baltic","clusterNameFi":"Itäinen Keski-Eurooppa & Baltia","clusterNameEn":"Eastern Europe & Baltics","liquidBufferMedianEur":11000,"unexpectedExpenseRiskPct":19.5,"euriborVariableRatePct":32,"debtToIncomePct":48,"wealthGini":64,"keyInsightFi":"Lähes kolminkertainen likvidi puskuri Suomeen verrattuna (11 000 €) ja matala velkataakka.","keyInsightEn":"Nearly triple Finland's liquid reserves (11,000 €) combined with very modest debt levels."},{"code":"CY","nameFi":"Kypros","nameEn":"Cyprus","cluster":"southern","clusterNameFi":"Etelä-Eurooppa","clusterNameEn":"Southern Europe","liquidBufferMedianEur":10500,"unexpectedExpenseRiskPct":36,"euriborVariableRatePct":58,"debtToIncomePct":112,"wealthGini":72,"keyInsightFi":"Kohtuulliset puskurit, mutta korkeampi velkaantuneisuus lisää haavoittuvuutta.","keyInsightEn":"Moderate buffers counterbalanced by elevated debt and variable-rate exposure."},{"code":"CZ","nameFi":"Tšekki","nameEn":"Czechia","cluster":"eastern_baltic","clusterNameFi":"Itäinen Keski-Eurooppa & Baltia","clusterNameEn":"Eastern Europe & Baltics","liquidBufferMedianEur":8800,"unexpectedExpenseRiskPct":18.2,"euriborVariableRatePct":28,"debtToIncomePct":56,"wealthGini":63.5,"keyInsightFi":"Matala työttömyys (2,6 %) ja yli kaksinkertainen käteispuskuri Suomeen nähden.","keyInsightEn":"Low unemployment (2.6%) and more than double Finland's median liquid reserves."},{"code":"ES","nameFi":"Espanja","nameEn":"Spain","cluster":"southern","clusterNameFi":"Etelä-Eurooppa","clusterNameEn":"Southern Europe","liquidBufferMedianEur":7500,"unexpectedExpenseRiskPct":35.4,"euriborVariableRatePct":55,"debtToIncomePct":92,"wealthGini":68,"keyInsightFi":"Noin kolmannes kokee yllätysmenot vaikeiksi, mutta kiinteiden korkojen osuus on noussut.","keyInsightEn":"Around one third face unexpected expense vulnerability (35.4%), mitigated by a rising fixed-rate share."},{"code":"PT","nameFi":"Portugali","nameEn":"Portugal","cluster":"southern","clusterNameFi":"Etelä-Eurooppa","clusterNameEn":"Southern Europe","liquidBufferMedianEur":6200,"unexpectedExpenseRiskPct":31.4,"euriborVariableRatePct":62,"debtToIncomePct":88.5,"wealthGini":69,"keyInsightFi":"Korkeampi Euribor-riippuvuus ja matalampi palkkataso rajoittavat säästämistä.","keyInsightEn":"Higher Euribor sensitivity and lower real wages constrain discretionary savings."},{"code":"PL","nameFi":"Puola","nameEn":"Poland","cluster":"eastern_baltic","clusterNameFi":"Itäinen Keski-Eurooppa & Baltia","clusterNameEn":"Eastern Europe & Baltics","liquidBufferMedianEur":5500,"unexpectedExpenseRiskPct":24.1,"euriborVariableRatePct":84,"debtToIncomePct":58,"wealthGini":65,"keyInsightFi":"Matala velkataakka (puolet Suomesta) ja vakaa työllisyys tasaavat vaihtuvien korkojen riskiä.","keyInsightEn":"Low household debt (half of Finland's level) and firm employment offset variable-rate exposure."},{"code":"SK","nameFi":"Slovakia","nameEn":"Slovakia","cluster":"eastern_baltic","clusterNameFi":"Itäinen Keski-Eurooppa & Baltia","clusterNameEn":"Eastern Europe & Baltics","liquidBufferMedianEur":4900,"unexpectedExpenseRiskPct":27.5,"euriborVariableRatePct":34,"debtToIncomePct":78,"wealthGini":53,"keyInsightFi":"Euroopan matalimpia varallisuuseroja, mutta puskurit ovat vielä kehittymässä.","keyInsightEn":"Among Europe's lowest wealth inequality, though household liquid cushions remain modest."},{"code":"EE","nameFi":"Viro","nameEn":"Estonia","cluster":"eastern_baltic","clusterNameFi":"Itäinen Keski-Eurooppa & Baltia","clusterNameEn":"Eastern Europe & Baltics","liquidBufferMedianEur":4200,"unexpectedExpenseRiskPct":26.8,"euriborVariableRatePct":92.4,"debtToIncomePct":76.5,"wealthGini":71,"keyInsightFi":"Pieni velkamäärä ja vahva talouskasvu, mutta puskurit Suomen tavoin vielä kapeat (4 200 €).","keyInsightEn":"Low debt levels and dynamic growth, though liquid reserves remain developing (4,200 €)."},{"code":"LT","nameFi":"Liettua","nameEn":"Lithuania","cluster":"eastern_baltic","clusterNameFi":"Itäinen Keski-Eurooppa & Baltia","clusterNameEn":"Eastern Europe & Baltics","liquidBufferMedianEur":3900,"unexpectedExpenseRiskPct":34,"euriborVariableRatePct":88,"debtToIncomePct":52,"wealthGini":69,"keyInsightFi":"Hyvin pieni asuntovelkaantuneisuus, mutta likvidit säästöt ovat Suomen tasoa.","keyInsightEn":"Very low mortgage debt burden, with liquid reserves comparable to Finland."},{"code":"HR","nameFi":"Kroatia","nameEn":"Croatia","cluster":"eastern_baltic","clusterNameFi":"Itäinen Keski-Eurooppa & Baltia","clusterNameEn":"Eastern Europe & Baltics","liquidBufferMedianEur":3600,"unexpectedExpenseRiskPct":42,"euriborVariableRatePct":46,"debtToIncomePct":48,"wealthGini":63,"keyInsightFi":"Korkea omistusasumisaste (yli 90 %), mutta käteispuskurit ovat niukat.","keyInsightEn":"Very high home-ownership rate (above 90%), but cash reserves remain thin."},{"code":"LV","nameFi":"Latvia","nameEn":"Latvia","cluster":"eastern_baltic","clusterNameFi":"Itäinen Keski-Eurooppa & Baltia","clusterNameEn":"Eastern Europe & Baltics","liquidBufferMedianEur":3200,"unexpectedExpenseRiskPct":38,"euriborVariableRatePct":86,"debtToIncomePct":44,"wealthGini":68,"keyInsightFi":"Pieni velkavipu, mutta yli kolmannes kokee arjen yllätysmenot vaikeiksi.","keyInsightEn":"Modest leverage, yet over a third report difficulty absorbing sudden expenses."},{"code":"HU","nameFi":"Unkari","nameEn":"Hungary","cluster":"eastern_baltic","clusterNameFi":"Itäinen Keski-Eurooppa & Baltia","clusterNameEn":"Eastern Europe & Baltics","liquidBufferMedianEur":3100,"unexpectedExpenseRiskPct":39.5,"euriborVariableRatePct":42,"debtToIncomePct":46,"wealthGini":66,"keyInsightFi":"Korkea inflaatiohistoria on leikannut puskureita; velkaantuneisuus on kuitenkin maltillista.","keyInsightEn":"Past inflation pressures have compressed savings; overall debt levels remain moderate."},{"code":"RO","nameFi":"Romania","nameEn":"Romania","cluster":"eastern_baltic","clusterNameFi":"Itäinen Keski-Eurooppa & Baltia","clusterNameEn":"Eastern Europe & Baltics","liquidBufferMedianEur":2600,"unexpectedExpenseRiskPct":46,"euriborVariableRatePct":52,"debtToIncomePct":38,"wealthGini":65,"keyInsightFi":"EU:n korkein asunnon omistusaste (95 %), mutta likvidit säästöt ovat rajalliset.","keyInsightEn":"EU's highest homeownership rate (95%), though liquid financial assets remain low."},{"code":"GR","nameFi":"Kreikka","nameEn":"Greece","cluster":"southern","clusterNameFi":"Etelä-Eurooppa","clusterNameEn":"Southern Europe","liquidBufferMedianEur":2400,"unexpectedExpenseRiskPct":49.2,"euriborVariableRatePct":42,"debtToIncomePct":72,"wealthGini":65.4,"keyInsightFi":"Lähes puolet (49,2 %) ei selviä 1 400 € yllätysmenosta. Likvidi mediaanipuskuri 2 400 €.","keyInsightEn":"Nearly half (49.2%) report difficulty facing unexpected expenses. Median buffer 2,400 €."},{"code":"BG","nameFi":"Bulgaria","nameEn":"Bulgaria","cluster":"eastern_baltic","clusterNameFi":"Itäinen Keski-Eurooppa & Baltia","clusterNameEn":"Eastern Europe & Baltics","liquidBufferMedianEur":2200,"unexpectedExpenseRiskPct":48,"euriborVariableRatePct":35,"debtToIncomePct":32,"wealthGini":62,"keyInsightFi":"Hyvin matala kotitalousvelka, mutta likvidit säästöt ovat EU:n matalimpia.","keyInsightEn":"Minimal household debt, with liquid buffers among the lowest in the EU."}]}